Calvo Doctrine
Law

Calvo Doctrine

The Calvo Doctrine, a body of international law that regulates the government’s jurisdiction over foreigners and the scope of their protection by their spouses, as…
Explain Evanescent Waves and Frustrated Total Internal Reflection
Mathematics

Explain Evanescent Waves and Frustrated Total Internal Reflection

When θi > θc, we have total internal reflection, but there must still be an EM field present on the the other side of the…
Describe Reflectance and Transmittance
Mathematics

Describe Reflectance and Transmittance

The reflectance and transmittance are defined in terms of the rate of energy flow incident on unit area of the interface, Si • (- ei)…
Explain Normal Incidence in Amplitude Coefficients
Mathematics

Explain Normal Incidence in Amplitude Coefficients

For normal incidence the plane of incidence is undefined and the results we have obtained for the cases of parallel and perpendicular polarisations must therefore…
Amplitude Coefficients and Phase Shift for Internal Reflection
Mathematics

Amplitude Coefficients and Phase Shift for Internal Reflection

The amplitude coefficients for the case of internal reflection r┴ , t┴, r‖ and T‖ are plotted in Fig (a) for flint glass to air.…
Explain Amplitude Coefficients and Phase Shift for External Reflection
Mathematics

Explain Amplitude Coefficients and Phase Shift for External Reflection

By definition, for external reflection nt > ni. Hence, √ [(nt / ni)2 – sin2 θi] is real for all θi, and so therefore are…
Amplitude Reflection and Transmission Coefficient for Parallel Polarization
Mathematics

Amplitude Reflection and Transmission Coefficient for Parallel Polarization

Amplitude reflection and transmission coefficient for parallel polarization Figure: EM field geometry for parallel (π, p) polarisation. The magnetic field is shown pointing in to…
Amplitude Reflection and Transmission Coefficients for Perpendicular Polari-sation
Mathematics

Amplitude Reflection and Transmission Coefficients for Perpendicular Polari-sation

Amplitude reflection and transmission coefficients for perpendicular polari-sation Figure: EM field geometry for perpendicular (σ, s) polarisation. The electric field is shown pointing out of…
Explain Boundary Conditions at Interface
Mathematics

Explain Boundary Conditions at Interface

As an electromagnetic wave intersects the interface between two dielectrics, it is the boundary conditions on the electromagnetic field that determine the properties of the…
Explain Laws of Reflection and Refraction
Mathematics

Explain Laws of Reflection and Refraction

Consider a monochromatic plane EM wave incident on a plane boundary between two dielectric materials. Part of the wave is transmitted and part is reflected.…
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