Thermodynamics

Surroundings in the Thermodynamic system: Everything around a system is called surroundings. Air on all sides of the cylinder with a piston is an example…

Concept of Temperature Everybody of us has the feeling of hot and cold. So, the measure of how much hot or cold a body is…

Thermal equilibrium is the circumstance under which two substances in physical contact with each other exchange no heat energy. Two substances in thermal equilibrium are…

Standard free energy change and equilibrium constant Similar to standard enthalpy of formation of compounds, the standard free energy of formation, ∆Gf0 of compounds have…

Helmholtz free energy (work function) and its significance In thermodynamics, the Helmholtz free energy is a thermodynamic potential that measures the “useful” work obtainable from…

The Free Energy and the Work Function We have already established the criterion of spontaneous processes and equilibrium. Spontaneous processes, whether chemical or physical, often…

Direction of chemical change It is possible to calculate free energy change of a reaction and decide whether the reaction will take place spontaneously under…

Gibbs free energy, spontaneity and equilibrium We know that useful work can be obtained from spontaneous natural processes. Since the free energy change is a…

Entropy and Molecular Chaos It has now been established that spontaneous processes are accompanied by increase of entropy and the entropy of a system at…

Properties of Third Law of Thermodynamics The kinetic molecular theory of matter emphasizes the fact that the microscopic or bulk property of matter is a…