The Absolute Zero of Temperature
Chemistry

The Absolute Zero of Temperature

The Absolute Zero of Temperature At – 273.16°C or 0°K the volume of any gas would theoretically be zero. In reality most gases become liquid…
Avogadro’s Law: Explanation in terms of Gaseous State
Chemistry

Avogadro’s Law: Explanation in terms of Gaseous State

Avogadro’s Law In describing the behavior of gases Avogadro(1811),  an Italian  physicist proposed that: equal volumes of all gases at the same temperature and pressure…
Boyle’s Law: Explanation in terms of Gaseous State
Chemistry

Boyle’s Law: Explanation in terms of Gaseous State

Boyle’s Law The effect of pressure on the volume of a gas was extensively studied by Robert Boyle in 1662. He enclosed some gas at…
Charle’s Law: Explanation in terms of Gaseous State
Chemistry

Charle’s Law: Explanation in terms of Gaseous State

Charle’s Law or Gay-Lussac’s Law All gases increase in volume when their temperature is raised. If numerical data of the volume of a given quantity…
Chemical Equilibrium and Concentration Calculations
Chemistry

Chemical Equilibrium and Concentration Calculations

H2 + I2 ≈ 2 HI The above chemical reaction when carried out at a temperature of 425°C has the I2, HI and H2 all…
What is Hydrogen-Atom Spectroscopy?
Chemistry

What is Hydrogen-Atom Spectroscopy?

The Rydberg equation very accurately summarizes the UV-visible electronic spectroscopy that is observed for the hydrogen atom. It gives the wavenumber f, (pronounced “nu bar”)…
Enthalpy of Combustion of Benzene
Chemistry

Enthalpy of Combustion of Benzene

When benzene, below Figure, is combusted it has the following stoichiometric reaction C6 H6 + 15/2 O2 → 6CO2 + 3 H2O The enthalpy change…
Isotope Abundances of Molecules: Mathematical Example
Chemistry

Isotope Abundances of Molecules: Mathematical Example

The binomial formula is used in chemistry for: (a) calculating the intensities of NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) lines due to spin-spin splitting (Pascal’s triangle); (b)…
Kinetics of Second Order Chemical Reaction
Chemistry

Kinetics of Second Order Chemical Reaction

An example of a second-order reaction is the atmospheric reaction between nitric oxide (NO) and chlorine (Cl2). The superscript dots indicate radicals i.e. unpaired electrons.…
Theoretical Example of Vapour Pressure of Liquids
Chemistry

Theoretical Example of Vapour Pressure of Liquids

The gas phase pressure of a liquid is called its vapour pressure p and increases with increasing temperature of the liquid Where ΔH0vap is the…
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